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Here is an outline of

Ice Age (35,000 to 12,000 years ago) and Earlier Human Civilization.

 


 

Here is an outline of

Early Human Civilization After the Ice Age.

 
 

Some Historical Notes:

15,330,000,000 years ago, our Universe formed and Inflation began.  
 5,000,000,000 years ago, the Sun formed. 
 4,600,000,000 years ago, the Earth formed. 
 4,400,000,000 years ago, the Moon formed.  
 3,800,000,000 years ago, Fe3O4 Magnetite ferrous Banded Iron 
                          formations begin to be formed by bacteria. 
 3,000,000,000 years ago, photosynthesis releases O2 oxygen. 
 2,500,000,000 years ago, end of Archaean and beginning of Proterozoic. 
According to Earth and Life through Time, by Steven M. Stanley (Freeman, 1986, 1989, p. 258): "... Life forms that do possess chromosomes as well as nuclei and other organelles are known as eukaryotes. Of all the cellular life forms in the world today, only bacteria and cyanobacteria are prokaryotes . All other cellular taxa are eukaryotes, and fossils of these are unknown from the Archaean and early portion of the Proterozoic ...". According to Understanding the Earth, ed. by Brown, Hawkesworth, and Wilson (Cambridge 1992, p. 439): "... cyanobacteria ...[are]... often known as the blue-green algae ...".
 2,400,000,000 years ago, Fe2O3 Hematite ferric iron Red Bed 
                          formations start to form from atmospheric O2.  
 2,200,000,000 years ago, Earth was a Snowball, glaciers extending 
                          to within 11 degrees of its Equator.
 2,000,000,000 years ago, Oklo fission reactor starts in Gabon. 
   850,000,000 (to 650,000,000) years ago, a severe Ice Age. 

(Note - Our Sun, located in a Local Bubble, orbits our Milky Way Galaxy in 200 myr at 230 km/sec, while spiral density waves orbit in 290 myr at about 160 km/sec at the 8.5 kpc = 27,700 lyr radius of the Sun. See Mass Extinctions and The Sun's Encounters with Spiral Arms, astro-ph/9802174, by Erik M. Leitch & Gautam Vasisht of Caltech.)

   570,000,000 years ago, Cambrian begins - Species Explosion. 
   480,000,000 years ago, end of Cambrian. 
   420,000,000 years ago, end of Ordovician.  
   400,000,000 (to 350,000,000) years ago, 
      North America and Europe began to collide with Gondwanaland 
      (including Africa) to form Pangaea (and the Appalachian Mountains),
      - millipedes, insects, primitive sharks, 
        amphibians, and ferns appear - 
      - Chinese 380,000,000+ year Superior Epoch -  
      - date described on Maya Stela D at Quirigua.  
   360,000,000 years ago, end of Devonian -  
      - does not seem to coincide with Sun being in Galactic spiral arm.   
   250,000,000 years ago, Permo-Triassic Extinction due to comet impact, 
      perhaps coincident with Cosmic Ray Bursts from merging neutron stars.  
   200,000,000 years ago, end of Triassic - Pangaea breakup begins 
      with formation of massive Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. 
    90,000,000 years ago, 
      Pangaea breakup forms North Atlantic Ocean - 
      - modern sharks appear - 
      - Chinese 96,961,740 year Superior Epoch -  
      - date described on Maya Stela F at Quirigua.  
    64,000,000 years ago, Mesozoic-Cenozoic Extinction, 
      perhaps due to asteroid impact.
      The primary impact site may have been in Yucatan, Mexico, 
      with many secondary impacts, including 3 along a great circle: 
      Manson in Iowa, USA; Siberia; and China.  
      Taking continental drift into account, antipodal to Yucatan, 
      the massive Deccan lava flows occurred in India.  
      David Carlisle claims "... we ... have found 
      unequivocal supernova  debris ...[from 64,000,000 years ago]... 
      in the form of the silver isotope [107 made from palladium 107] 
      anomaly and in the iodine 129 anomaly."
    50,000,000 years ago - early Cetaceans appeared. 
    35,000,000 years ago to 30,000,000 years ago - Antarctica separates 
      from South America and Australia - glaciation lowers sea level - 
      - whales thrive on food. 
    20,000,000 years ago - Chinese 23,639,040 year Three Sequences - 
      - Cetaceans with large brains, including Dolphins, appeared. 
 
     3,000,000 years ago - Steve Stanley, 
      Children of the Ice Age (Harmony Books 1996), describes 
      what happened:  The present Ice Age began when 
      the Isthmus of Panama emerged to block the Atlantic-Pacific 
      connection, creating a conveyor belt of cold salty water 
      that sinks near the Arctic 0cean and goes back south, 
      instead of carrying heat to the Arctic Ocean.  
      Australopithecus lived in transitional woodlands near trees, 
      because with no stone weapons and no fire, trees were the 
      only way Australopithecus could avoid the lions.  
      The ice age killed the trees, and with the trees gone, 
      the lions killed Australopithecus. 
      Homo, smart enough to defend itself with fire and stone, 
      could live on the ground.  Homo's intelligence required 
      a large brain, which meant difficult childbirth and 
      a long dangerous childhood.  
      Homo's survival required couples to mate for life 
      to care for their few children over a long childhood. 

     2,000,000 years ago - Yellowstone volcanic caldera eruption 
      vented 2500 cubic kilometers of ash and pumice, another stress 
      event that could have affected human evolution. 
 
      788,000 years ago - the latest reversal of Earth's magnetic field. 
      Such reversals have occurred throughout the Earth's history, 
      with no obvious regularity, and with roughly equal total time 
      in each of the two polarities.  
 
      340,000-330,000 years ago -  Geminga supernova explosion
      irradiates Earth. 
      Glaciation of Earth.  
      Neanderthals displaced Homo Erectus.
 
      270,000-230,000 years ago -  Glaciation of Earth.  
 
      160,000-130,000 years ago -  Glaciation of Earth, 
      beginning the African/Oceanic Ice Age Civilization, as 
      Modern Humans displaced the Neanderthals in Africa and 
      Oceanic areas.  
      
      115,000 years ago - Early Wisconsin Glaciation of North America. 
 
       70,000 years ago - Early Wurm Glaciation of Europe -  
      Toba Explosive Volcanic Eruption of 800 cubic kilometers 
      of ash into the air -  a stress event that may have produced 
      a bottleneck minimum of human population at the level of 
      about a few thousand people.  
 
       35,000 years ago -  Geminga shock wave hits Earth.
      Late Wisconsin Glaciation of Earth, 
      beginning the European Ice Age Civilization, as 
      the Cro-Magnon Modern Humans displaced the Neanderthals in Europe. 
 
       21,000 to 18,000 years ago - last Glacial Maximum of Earth. 
 
       11,600 years ago - Younger Dryas cold snap, 
      with temperatures 14 degrees C below present-day, 
      after which the Vela X supernova was seen on Earth 
      and the Taurid/Encke comet fragmented, and 
      a very sudden (50 years or so) warming event 
      ended the Ice Age and marked the start of the HOLOCENE AGE 
      of warm climate and glacial retreat.  

If 11,600 years ago marked the beginning of the Rule of Mortal Humans on Earth according to Manetho (Egyptian historian ca. 343 BC), then

his immediately preceding period of 11,025 years of Rule by Demigods and Spirits of the Dead (followers of Horus) would have begun about 22,625 years ago, or about the time of the beginning of the last Glacial Maximum, and

his first period, preceding that, of 13,900 years of Rule of Gods on Earth would have begun about 36,525 years ago, or about the time of the Geminga shock wave, the Late Wisconsin Glaciation, and the appearance of Cro-Magnons.

The total period of the Mantho's Ice Age Civilization prior to the Rule of Mortal Humans is therefore about 36,525 - 11,600 = 24,925 years, which is approximately the Earth precession period of 26,000 years and the travel time of a light beam from the center of our Galaxy to our Sun, about 25,000 light years distance. It may have been the time of construction of the Giza Complex of the Sphinx and the Pyramids, including the Great Golden Pyramid. The Ice Age Civilization may have been more spiritual and less crudely technological than the present Rule of Mortal Humans.

This unconventional interpretation of Manetho's chronology is not inconsistent with his list of 30 Egyptian dynasties from about 2920 BC to about 343 BC, but it does extend his chronology from being a history of the past to a History of the Past and Future, in which we are now living near the end of the Rule of Mortal Humans.

After the end of the Ice Age about 11,600 years ago, 
the glaciers melted and sea level rose about 35 meters 
to its present level, a process that took about 4,000 years.  
 
In the very early stages of the process, about 11,600 years ago, 
the northern Sunda Shelf near China, Korea, and Japan 
began to flood, forcing the Jomon people to move to 
the high ground of what is now the Japanese Islands, 
and disrupting the Jomon/Sunda Shelf part of Ice Age Civilization. 
 
In Africa, Arabia, and India, things were more gradual 
and displacements less severe. 
The African part of Ice Age Civilization had large lakes 
for another 1,000 years or so 
following the 4,000 year melting process, 
so that the Abyssinian/African Nile Lake area 
of the Ice Age Civilization was its most highly organized remnant, 
and the probable source of ways to cope with the changed 
circumstances of the post-Ice Age world, 
including agriculture, mining,written communication, 
and organized armies, thus forming a Global Early Civilization 
with a Global Early Language.  

This period, 11,600 years ago to about 6,000 years ago, may have been the period about which Diodorus of Sicily said: "Now the Ethiopians ... were the first of all men. ... the Egyptians are colonists sent out by the Ethiopians, Osiris having been the leader of the colony ... Osiris ... gathered together a great army, with the intention of visiting all the inhabited earth and teaching the race of men how to cultivate ... for he supposed that if he made men give up their savagery and adopt a gentle manner of life he would receive immortal honors. ...", and that Osiris then went from Egypt and Ethiopia to Arabia, Greece, and India.

According to an article by Andrew Lawler in Science, 300 (2 May 2003) page 723: "... a team of Chinese and U.S. researchers now proposes that writing in China went through a long, slow evolution that stretches back ... 8000 years ...".

Egyptian hieroglyphics seem to have been a fully developed 
system of writing at least 5,000 years ago.  
Perhaps Egyptian and Mayan hieroglyphics are regional forms 
of a Global Early Language picture-writing, 
and Chinese characters are a simplified abstract version 
of the same Global Early Language picture-writing. 
Perhaps such languages as cuneiform Sumerian and 
the Sarasvati-Sindhu language of India 
are less sophisticated writings used in trade and commerce. 
 
In my opinion, about 11,000 to 6,000 years ago 
was the latest reasonable time 
for construction of the Giza Sphinx and Pyramids.  

After about 6,000 years ago, the level of technology 
of the Great Pyramid at Giza could not be maintained 
by the economic and social structure of the indigenous population. 
 
After about 6,000 years ago, metallurgy was lost, 
so that gold, native copper and silver, and meteoritic iron 
were the only metals that remained in current use.  
 
Agriculture provided food, so it was maintained.  
 
However, 
also lost were higher mathematics and related theories, 
except as preserved in 
the structure and patterns of 
the Pyramids at Giza and the Temple at Luxor
or in
the underlying patterns of games and fortunetelling 
such as the Tarot of the Egyptians, 
the FA of the Fon people,  
and 
Wei-Qi and I Ching of the Chinese.  
 
 

About 5,400 years ago, according to Science NOW (19 Sep 97), the Watson Brake mound complex of 11 mounds and connecting ridges enclosing about 20 acres was constructed in North America. There is little evidence of agriculture or extensive trading networks. Soil sampling inside the earthwork retrieved few artifacts, suggesting that the builders did not conduct ceremonies there. Also, there is little evidence that people occupied the area after the complex had been completed. Around 2,000 years later, the the Poverty Point Mounds were built, and after another 2,000 years or so, the Mississippian Temple Mounds were built.  
  About 5,300 years ago, Fu Xi, the first of the Five Rulers of China, discovered the Ho Tu pattern and the 8 trigrams of Fu Xi.   The current Chinese calendar was begun about 4,700 years ago by the third of the Five Rulers, Huang Di (Yellow Emperor).   Yao (one of the Five Rulers, who had eyebrows of 8 colors) was succeeded as ruler by Shuen, who had to deal with the problems of the floods of the Wei River caused by the melted glaciers. He asked Gun to solve the problem. Gun tried to contain the floods by dams. The floods were too great to be controlled by dams, so Gun failed and was killed. Yu, the son of Gun, solved the problem by draining the floods in a controlled way. Yu then became the Jade Emperor Yu Di, the last of the Five Rulers, about 4,200 years ago. Yu introduced the Lo Shu diagram, after seeing the markings on a turtle rising from the Lo River.

The end of the Five Rulers coincided the previous (to 1998 AD) appearance at Earth of Comet Hale-Bopp, and with changes in other civilizations, such as:

Qi, the son of Yu, established China's first dynasty, the Xia dynasty. 
 
Since (aside from meteorites) gold and native copper and silver 
were the only metals in use, 
and gold is where you find it, 
people would go wherever they had to go 
to get the metals and bring them to 
the river-based agricultural centers to trade.  
 
Since gold and silver were in the Andes, 
and copper was in Lake Superior, 
a world-wide ocean-going trade in metals began.  
 
The advent of the bronze age made the 
sea-traders even more wealthy and powerful, 
adding Bolivian tin to their inventory.  
The empire of the sea-traders is the 
basis for the legends of Atlantis.  
To develop their markets for tin, 
the sea-traders introduced bronze technology to 
land-based empires, 
such as the Shang in China.  
 
With their superior bronze technology, 
Lord Tang of the Shang defeated the 
corrupt Xia emperor Jie around 1753 BC.  
 
A few hundred years later, 
iron and steel metallurgy was rediscovered.  
Since iron and steel are superior to bronze, 
and since the necessary ingredients of 
iron ore, coal, and limestone are found 
near the land-based empires 
and are too bulky for trans-oceanic shipment 
by the ships of the Atlantean sea-traders, 
the bronze-based empires fell to iron-based ones, 
and 
the Atlantean sea-traders went broke and out of business.  
 
In Egypt, 
the advent of the Iron Age meant the end 
of Egypt as an independent power.  
Its last gasp was the creation of the 
monotheistic dynasty of Akhenaton around 1350 BC, 
founded at Amarna on the bank of the Nile 
opposite from Hermopolis. 
At the end of the monotheistic Egyptian dynasties, 
the Egyptians regressed and declined, 
never again to be independently powerful.  
 
About 3,000 years ago, 
some of the monotheistic Israelites left Egypt, 
becoming separated from some other like-minded people, 
such as the Lemba People of Africa. 
Upon leaving Egypt, Moses received the Torah, 
which was revealed to Moses in a complete form, 
much as Egyptian hieroglyphics had appeared 
in a complete form over 5,000 years ago, 
suggesting that they may have already then 
been in existence for some time.  
The earliest alphabetical writing found so far is 
from the Egyptian (Abydos-Luxor-Thebes region) of 1800-1900 BC.
The 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet of the Torah may have 
been derived from that alphabet. 
 
Upon leaving Egypt, the Israelis founded one of the two presently 
powerful societies that have maintained a continuous 
cultural existence for the past 3,000 years (the other being China). 
As part of their faith, 
they have diligently preserved the Torah in the form 
in which it was received by Moses.  

Israel prospered through the rule of Solomon, 
but after his death somewhat before 900 BC, 
Israel's power declined. 
In 883 BC Ashurnasirpal II (Ashur = Sun Guardian) became 
ruler of Assyria. Assyria became more powerful, 
and Israel was defeated by Assyria around 722 BC. 
In 587 BC, Babylonia defeated Israel and took many 
Israelites into captive exile in Babylon. 


Another monotheistic religion, Zoroastrianism, was founded 
by Zarathustra about 1400 BC, give or take a few centuries. 
Zarathustra, being Central Asian, might have come from 
the area of Gora Belukha and could have been influenced 
by Vedic ideas from India (where Buddhism began about 500 BC) 
and by Taoist ideas from China (where Buddhism was cultivated). 
For instance, the Zoroastrian symbol Faravahar 
contains a central circle (Tai Ji),
which has two legs (Yin-Yang, I Ching), 
its tail has 3 layers of feathers (3 Realms, Tai Hsuan Ching), 
and its wings have 5 layers of feathers (5 Elements). 
Perhaps the being holding a circle might represent 
the Original God Ahura-Mazda holding the Tao.  
Ahura-Mazda, represented by man, 
and 6 Immortal Amesha Spentas, 
represented by stone/sky, water, earth, plants, animals, 
and fire/light, make up the Zoroastrian Heptad.  
In addition to Ahura-Mazda, Zoroastrianism had 
two lesser Ahuras, Varuna and Mithra.  Mithra became 
the bull-slaying god of pre-Christian Roman Mithraism, 
which was somewhat similar to the Greek Cult of Dionysus.   
 
 

Between about 1700 and 700 B.C., after the Watson Brake Mounds and before the Mississippian Temple Mounds were built, the Poverty Point Mounds were built on 400 acres near the Mississippi River in North America.  
  Around 1000 BC, China was also a presently powerful society that has maintained a continuous cultural existence for the past 3,000 years.   Around 1111 BC, while China was still in the bronze age, Wu-wang led the Zhou to defeat the corrupt Shang emperor Jou the Terrible. Jou the Terrible had imprisoned his good and wise Prime Minister, Jizi. When freed from prison by Wu-wang, Jizi remained loyal to the Shang dynasty, so he decided not to stay in the Zhou empire. Jizi and 5,000 followers left China and founded the state of Korea and also perhaps the Olmec civilization. The body of Jizi is entombed in Pyongyang.

Others leaving China at about the same time may have founded, or at least had contact with, the Olmecs of Mesoamerica.

The father of Wu-wang, Wen-wang, 
applied a special arrangement of 
the 64 elements of the I Ching, 
to lay the groundwork for 
his son's defeat of the Shang and 
establishment of the Zhou dynasty.  

The Zhou dynasty established its capitol at Xi'an, 
on the Wei River, and ordered its empire systematically.  

For instance, 
land was divided into square frameworks 
with 9 belts of land surrounding the central capitol.  
The resulting pattern is a 19x19 grid of boundary lines, 
with the capital at the center, and 
4 quadrants (SW, SE, NE, NW).  
Placement of Qi markers on the intersection points 
of the grid shows how to establish a good and stable government, 
and may be an early application of the ancient game Wei-Qi, 
which has similarities to Cellular Automata, Ising Models,
and Feynman Checkerboard physics models, and whose moves 
might be determinable by the I Ching.  
The land in the Wei River valley (or anywhere else) is 
not flat and square, so that the actual boundaries would 
not be exactly square.  The Wei-Qi game reflects that by 
never using an exactly square board.  
If the center lines through the capitol are omitted, 
and the outermost boundary lines are omitted, 
the Wei-Qi board has four 8x8 quadrants, 
and can represent the Clifford algebra Cl(0,8). 
The 19-line Wei-Qi board is similar to the 19-line grid used 
by the Egyptians for art and architecture. 
The Mayans may have used a similar grid.  
 
When the Iron Age came to China around 800 BC, 
the orderly structure of the Zhou dynasty was undermined.  
The power of the Zhou declined through 
the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 481 BC), 
leading to the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC). 

About 400 BC, Korea invaded the Japanese Islands. Using the wealth of organized agriculture and military Iron Age technology, the Koreans displaced the Jomon people of the Ice Age Civilization and, as the Yayoi, founded the present-day Japanese civilization.

During the turmoil of the Iron Age, 
particularly around 1,500 to 500 BC, 
Lao Zi and Confucius were in China 
and Sakyamuni Buddha was in India.   
 
The Iron Age instability was ended by the Qin 
who united China in 221 BC and ruled briefly 
before being succeeded by the Han in 202 BC.   


Around 40 BC, King Fang described the Musical Cycle of 53.  
 
Taoist masters disclosed such things as: 
optical lenses;  
circulation of blood in the human body "... in the Chinese medical 
treatise Su Wên, written in the second century BC ...", according 
to correspondence from P.-L. Chau in Nature 404 (30 March 2000) 431; 
magnetic compass (described by Wang Chhung in the Lun Heng of 83 AD); 
computers (the abacus of Thien Mu hsien-seng, around 190 AD); 
and gunpowder (Cheng Yin, the teacher of Ko Hung, around 250 AD). 

According to a 27 February 2003 BBC article by Arran Frood, "... In 1938 ... in Khujut Rabu, just outside Baghdad ... German archaeologist Wilhelm Konig unearthed a ... 13-cm ... clay jar containing a copper cylinder that encased an iron rod ... a battery ... there are about a dozen of them ... Most sources date the batteries to around 200 BC ...[but]... the pot itself is Sassanian ... circa AD 225-640 ... Replicas can produce voltages from 0.8 to nearly 2 volts ... the ancient Greeks wrote of the pain killing effect of electric eels when applied to the soles of the feet. The Chinese had developed acupuncture, and still use ... an electric current. This may explain the presence of needle-like objects found with some of the batteries. ... the batteries ...[may have been]... used for electroplating ...

... In Egypt ... Hero's engine ....[ca 100 BC ]... was a primitive steam-driven machine ...".

 

The life of Jesus, born of Jewish parents in Bethlehem around 6 BC, marked the beginning of the Christian Era (Anno Domini, or AD). According to The Gnostic Gospels, by Elaine Pagels (Random House 1979): "... What we call Eastern and Western religions, and tend to regard as separate streams, were not clearly differentiated 2,000 years ago. ... if the names were changed, the "living Buddha" appropriately could say what the Gospel of Thomas attributes to the living Jesus. ... the Gospel of Thomas was only one of the fifty-two texts discovered [in 1945] at Nag Hammadi ... Gospel of Thomas 32.14-19 ...[says]...

"... Jesus said, "Let him who seeks continue seeking until he finds. When he finds, he will become troubled. When he becomes troubled, he will be astonished, and he will rule over all things." ...". ...".

Around 312 AD Constantine became Emperor of the Roman Empire, established Christianity as the Roman Religion, and went on to build a new capital at Constantinople. Roman State Christianity adopted an official doctrine that included the parts of Christian teaching ( such as blindly faithful belief in authority of a male priesthood ) that were consistent with an authoritarian male-dominated State, and rejected those parts of Christian teaching ( such as the Gospels of Thomas and of Mary Magdalene ) that encouraged independent thought and prominent roles for women. The Christian New State Religion was altered in some ways to make it more palatable for non-Christians, such as the Mithraians of the Army. One such alteration may have been moving Jesus's birthday from around February ( near the Chinese New Year ) to 25 December ( near the Winter Solstice ). Although Constantinople's city walls protected it from outside invasion for 800 years or so, it much sooner lost control of much of its external Empire, and after about 400 years most of the Western European Holy Roman Empire was unified by Charlemagne with a capital at Rome. Bari became the last remaining Italian territory of the Constantine Eastern Empire.

  

"... the narrowness of growth rings in bog oaks and archaeological timbers ...[ shows very clearly ]... that a great catastrophe struck the Earth in AD 540. ... Not only in Northern Ireland and Britain, but right across northern Siberia, North and South America - it is a global event of some kind. ...", according to an 8 September 2000 BBC article by Johnathan Amos, citing Mike Baillie, professor of palaeoecology at Queen's University in Belfast. The article also says "... cometary fragments smashed into the atmosphere throwing up dust and gas that blocked out the Sun. This, in turn, led to crop failures, famine and even plague among the weakened peoples of the world. ... some archaeologists and historians are beginning to come round to the opinion that this was the date when the Dark Ages began in Northern Europe. It wasn't just when the Romans left. ...".

 

Muhammad was born around 570 AD. In 622 AD, Muhammad's Hegira from Mecca to Medina marked the beginning of the Islamic Era.  

 

The Tang Dynasty of China (618-907 AD) minted copper coins, recodified laws every 20 years, expanded education, defeated Eastern Turkish enemies and expanded Westward, absorbed Western cultural ideas through Eastern Seaports and Western Central Asia overland trade routes (several of the 10 Musical Categories of the Tang dynasty originated outside China), and produced great Art and Poetry.

Around 645, Nakatomi no Kamatari started the era of the Fujiwara clan and instituted the Taika reforms which adopted the culture and system of the Chinese Tang dynasty. Even after the Tang Dynasty declined in China, its high culture was preserved in Japan.

European Crusaders took Jerusalem in 1099.

Saladin took Jerusalem from European Crusaders in 1187.

Beginning about 1206, and continuing for most of the rest of the 13th century, Temujin (Ghenghis Khan) and his descendants used their Mongol horse-cavalry to defeat China militarily, but were absorbed by China Culturally, creating the Yuan dynasty (1206-1368) during which China actively traded with the outside world, not only immediate neighbors such as Russia, Japan, Korea, VietNam, Burma, and India, but also Persia, the Middle East, Africa, and Italy.

The Mongol Yuan dynasty was succeeded by the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) established by Zhu Yuanzhang from Anhui who was the first Ming Emperor (1368-1398). During his reign, China was the strongest and most advanced civilization on Earth. After his death in 1398, his grandson Zhu Yunwen ruled unsucessfully until 1402, when Zhu Di (son of Zhu Yuanzhang) overthrew his nephew Zhu Yunwen.


About the same time, 1346-1353, the Black Death plague from Asia killed about a third of the people of Europe.
What about the distant (from China) lands of Eastern North America, where the Watson Brake Mounds had been built about 5,400 years ago, and the Poverty Point Mounds had been built about 1700 to 700 B.C.? There, the time from 700 AD to 1400 AD was the time of bulding the Mississippian Temple Mounds: at Cahokia (near Collinsville, Illinois) where, according to the Cahokia website, around March 1998,
"During the process of installing horizontal drains to relieve the internal water in Monks Mound that had contributed to several severe slumping episodes along the west side (Second Terrace), the drilling rig encountered stones about 140 feet in and 40 feet below the surface of the Second Terrace. The operator said it felt like "soft stone," probably limestone or sandstone, and that it was mostly cobbles or slabs at least six inches in diameter. The drill went through about 32 feet of stones and the drill bit broke off. We have no idea what it is, what shape or size it is, or why it is there. It should not be there. No other cores or excavations have revealed stone in Monks Mound or any other mound at the site, or, as far as we know, at other Mississippian mound sites. We do not know its vertical thickness or the extent of it horizontally, other than the 32 feet that the drill went through."
and according to an update web page, 
"... December, 1998 ... remote sensing tests using ... magnetometry ... revealed two "anomalies" 20 - 25 meters apart, running east and west beneath the Second Terrace, one of them directly above where the stone was encountered in the drilling ... Each anomaly is about 2 meters wide and 3 - 6 meters deep. They are above the stone itself, which is 6 - 9 meters deep. ...";
at Moundville, near Tuscaloosa, Alabama; and  
at Etowah (near Cartersville, Georgia). 
 
The Missippian Temple Mound sites were organized 
much like those of the more advanced Central Americans, 
such as the Maya (300 AD - 900 AD) and their succesors. 
They also resemble mounds in China near Xi'an, 
such as the Qin tomb (about 200 BC)  
near the Terra Cotta Army, 
and other Chinese Pyramids, 
and 
the Japanese kofun earth-mound tombs 
that began to be constructed about 300 AD. 
 
According to Liang shu (see "When China Ruled the Seas"):
"In former times [the Maya, or the people of Fusang guo] 
knew nothing of the Buddhist religion, 
but in the second year of Da Ming of the Song dynasty [485 AD], 
five monks from Chipin [Kabul, Afghanistan] traveled by ship 
to that country.  They propagated Buddhist doctrines, 
circulated scriptures and drawings, and 
advised the people to relinquish worldly attachments. 
As a result, the customs of Fusang changed."


About 1403, Zhu Di (the third emperor of the Chinese Ming Dynasty)

invaded Vietnam (in violation of an agreement of his father Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Ming emperor), thus getting bogged down in guerilla warfare that lasted beyond the rest of his life, and

ordered construction of a fleet of trading ships, warships, and support ships to go to the China Sea and the Indian Ocean under the command of Zheng He, a Muslim eunuch from Yunnan whose original name was Ma He.

In 1415 the Grand Canal from the South to Beijing was improved and reopened.

In 1421, Zhu Di established Beijing as the national capital.

Zhu Di died in 1424. His son, Zhu Gaozhi, became the fourth Ming emperor. He died in 1425 and was succeeded by Zhu Zhanji, the fifth Ming emperor, who ruled until 1435.

During the reign of the fifth Ming emperor, two factions vied for power:

Taoists and eunuchs, who wanted trade and treasure voyages and outward expansion; and

Confucians, who wanted to develop China internally and avoid foreign commerce and foreign wars.

The Confucians won, and river barges were built instead of ocean ships.

In 1426, Fan Ji, advisor to the fifth Ming emperor, said "The people from afar will voluntarily submit and distant lands will come into our fold, and our dynasty will last for ten thousand years."

In fact, China admitted defeat (in 1428) in Vietnam, lost its technological advantage over the rest of the world, lost the military means to export its inflated supply of paper money, and even lost its ability to prevent coastal raids by wako pirates.


Spain and Portugal began European world-wide oceanic exploration and colonization around 1500 AD, but they did not combine exploration and colonization with industrialization. After England, Cymru (Wales), and Scotland united around 1707 AD (about the time of Comet Sarabat of 1729 and the beginning of increased Solar sunspot activity) unifying the Island of Great Britain as a protected island with ocean trading ports and with sufficient population and natural resources, Great Britain initiated the Industrial Revolution and colonized much of the Earth.


The camera obscura, a box with a pinhole, or pin-hole camera, had been used since antiquity to observe the sun, particularly during solar eclipses. If you are on a concrete side-walk under a tree (with leaves) during a solar eclipse, you notice that each gap among the leaves acts as a pin-hole. During the eclipse, the many round sun-images on the side-walk beneath the tree turn into crescents on the concrete.

During the 1500s, the camera obscura was used by artists to project images of things they were painting.

In 1558, Gioseffo Zarlino (1517-1590) of Venice wrote Institutioni Harmoniche, about all three types of music: mundana, the harmony of the heavenly spheres; humana, the influence of music on the human soul; and instrumentalis, what most 20th century Americans think of as music. He extended the ancient monophonic Platonic and Pythagorean harmonic intervals (1:2, 2:3, 3:4) based on the numbers 1,2,3,4 to polyphonic music based on the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6.

In 1589, Zarlino wrote Sopplimenti Musicali, in which he advocated equally tempered tuning for the lute.

In the previous year (1588) the Spanish Armada was defeated, as power shifted from the Mediterranean to Northern Europe.

In 1619, Kepler (1571-1630) wrote Harmonice Mundi, using just intonation and the consonant harmonic intervals (1:2, 2:3, 3:4, 4:5, 5:6, 3:5, 5:8) supporting polyphonic music. Kepler realized that his rough models of 3-dimensional regular polytopes did not accurately describe his astronomical laws of planetary motion (based on analysis of data of Tycho Brahe) so he used harmonic musical relationships to refine the polytope models. To Kepler, the polyphonic harmonic relationships had a purpose: to form a common basis for the perception of the universe by all life, including life beyond the earth. Terry Teachout, in Commentary Magazine, Janury, 2002, said: "... Hindemith['s] ... opera, Die Harmonie der Welt (1957) ... used the life of the astronomer Johannes Kepler to symbolize his own search for "harmony in all things of life and the world, and ... the loneliness of him who finds it."...". R. Craig McCollough, for Music History II, Spring 1995, said: "... In the final act, the spheres praise Kepler, singing,

 

Velazquez (1599-1660) used mirrors and light entering dark rooms in his work.

Many of the paintings of Vermeer (1632-1675) seem like studies of the interior of a camera obscura, being set in a relatively dark room into which light comes from the outside. Did Vermeer make a scientific study of optics? Acording to Martin Kemp (Nature 392 (5 Mar 98) 27), an executor of Vermeer's will was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), who also lived in Delft, and who used microscopes to observe bacteria and to show that weevils and fleas had normal life cycles and were not spontaneously generated from wheat or dust.

Huygens (1629-1695) lived in The Hague. Huygens' Principle of optics (largely completed by 1678, not published until 1690), that all points on a wave front may be regarded as new sources, is the basis for Feynman's Sum Over Histories Path Integral Quantum Theory.

Huygens's theory of gravity (dating to 1669, not published until 1690), was based on the Cartesian Vortices of Descartes (1596-1650), which might be compared to the topologically non-trivial 4-manifolds with closed timelike curves of Hadley.

Newton (1643-1727) developed celestial mechanics (1687) and optics (1666-1704), and worked on the relationships among ancient wisdom, alchemy, and physics.


In 1722, J. S. Bach , having learned of the equal-tempered 12 note per octave scale described in 1691 by the German musician Andreas Werckmeister (1645-1706), wrote book 1 of the Well-Tempered Clavier.

From 1753 to 1762, C. P. E. Bach (a lawyer who was the second son of J. S. Bach and his cousin Maria Barbara Bach) wrote Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments.

On 17 December 1770 ( Mars in Opposition, Jupiter just before Conjunction ( with Sun and with Milky Way Galactic Center ), and just after the New Moon ) Beethoven was baptized in Bonn.

In 1791, Mozart died at age 35. Count Waldstein wrote to Beethoven: "The spirit of Mozart is mourning and weeping over the death of her beloved. ... With the help of unremitting labour you shall receive Mozart's spirit ..."

In 1794, Beethoven completed his Op. 1 Trios.

On 26 March 1827, in Vienna, Beethoven died at age 56. From 3 P. M. to 5 P. M. Beethoven lay dying with a death-rattle in his throat, a thundersnow storm raging. After 5, there was a flash of lightning that garishly illuminated his deathbed. At the following violent clap of thunder, he opened his eyes, lifted his right hand, and looked up for several seconds with his fist clinched and a very serious, threatening expression. When he let the raised hand sink to the bed, his eyes closed half-way, and he died.

Some thunderstorms have, below the red sprites, blue jets going up from the cloud tops at 300 times the speed of sound to 25 km above the cloud tops (Richard A. Kerr, Science 265 (5 Aug 1994) 740) and, above the red sprites, circular elves (Discover magazine, July 1997).


J.-N. Niepce (1765-1833) introduced light-sensitive plates to the camera obscura in the early 1800s, thereby inventing photography.

Artists began to extend the uses of light in painting, an outstanding example being

Turner (1775-1851), who represented light in his paintings as seeming to have wavelike nature.

On 26 April 1865, Confederate Gen. Johnston surrendered the forces of Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas to Union Gen. Sherman, effectively ending the American Civil War.

From 1828 to 1879, Green's Functions, Quaternions, Octonions, Electromagnetism, Riemannian Geometry, Clifford Algebras, and Lie Algebras were discovered and developed.

Seurat (1859-1891) introduced pointillism.

In 1903 Olinto De Pretto of Vicenza, Italy, published in Atte the equation e = mc^2, which equation was republished in 1904 by Veneto's Royal Science Institure, and then given to Einstein by Michele Besso, according to Umberto Bartocci (bartocci@dipmat.unipg.it) of Perugia University - Dipartimento di Matematica.

In 1905 Einstein published his special theory of relativity, which was implicit in the equations of Maxwell.

Mondrian (1872-1944) studied Seurat's pointillism.

Mondrian later studied the Theosophical work of M. H. J. Schoenmaekers 
about the symbolic meaning of lines and 
the mathematical construction of the universe.  
From then on, Mondrian used only rectangular or diamond figures, 
and only the subtractive primary colors yellow, cyan, and magenta.  

Duchamp said

"Some men like Seurat or like Mondrian were not retinalists, 
even in wholly seeming to be so."   
In 1912, Duchamp was painting 
a chess King and Queen surrounded by swift nudes, 
analogous to the consitutent Quark and AntiQuark surrounded 
by gluons and virtual quark-antiquark pairs 
in the Pion of the D4-D5-E6 physics model.   
Later that year, Duchamp visited Munich, 
where he was inspired to move from chess pieces 
to the bride and bachelors of The Large Glass, 
a complex work a part of which contains 3 windows 
similar to the 3 windows of Machu Picchu.
 

In Munich, Duchamp frequented the Schelling-Salon, a cafe with chess and billiards.

Another Munich billiard player, Arnold Sommerfeld, was professor of physics from 1906 to 1931. He liked to use billiards as a basis for physics problems for his students. Sommerfeld had received a degree in mathematics at Konigsberg University under Felix Klein, Sommerfeld's scientific Vaterfigur.

In 1914, Duchamp's France and Sommerfeld's Germany began World War I. It lasted until 1918, when a Flu Epidemic killed over 20,000,000 people on Earth.

In 1920-21, Einstein was invited to Munich by Sommerfeld and his students, including Pauli and Heisenberg, but Einstein did not come because Nazi students threatened protests against him as a Jew. Heisenberg awoke early and worked hard in the daytime, while Pauli went to cabarets in the evening, worked hard until dawn, and slept until noon.

In 1923-25, Pauli proposed that the electron was a spin 1/2 particle that obeyed the Exclusion Principle.

In 1925, Heisenberg applied Cayley's Matrix Algebra to Quantum Mechanics.

In 1926-27, Heisenberg and Dirac were at Copenhagen: Heisenberg formulated the Uncertainty Principle; Dirac studied quantum mechanics, including the relativistic theory; and Stueckelberg got his Ph.D. at Munich under Sommerfeld.

In 1931, Pauli predicted the existence of the neutrino to explain the energy distribution of electrons in beta decay.

In 1932, Dirac used Clifford Algebras to formulate the QED Dirac equation and Fermi interpreted QED as a gauge theory.

In 1934, Stueckelberg (a year before Yukawa's paper) proposed that the nuclear force is carried by a massive boson.

By 1938 Stueckelberg had applied Fermi's 1932 QED gauge theory to describe gauge-fixing of general neutral vector fields, and Klein had invented non-abelian gauge field theory.

In 1939, Lise Meitner (who was born in Vienna in 1878, worked in Berlin with Otto Hahn from 1907 to 1938, when she as a Jew emigrated to Sweden) first described how to produce energy from nuclear reactions (she described chain reaction of fission of Uranium 235, which reaction produced Barium, neutrons, and other fission products).

In 1940, Pauli as a Jew feared the military success of the Nazis and left Europe for the USA, thus interrupting his collaboration in Zurich with Jung on the relationships among alchemy, archetypes, and theoretical physics. Their work emphasized the number 4 = 3+1 of the quaternions, double quaternions or octonions, and 7-dimensional spaces, all of which are related to the D4-D5-E6-E7-E8 VoDou model of physics. In February 1940, the Manhattan Project to produce nuclear energy was begun by USA President Franklin Roosevelt under L. J. Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards with a budget of $6,000.00.

In 1940-1941, radar enabled the Allies to win the air Battle of Britain, thus defeating the German Operation Sea Lion plan to invade Britain.

On 6 December 1941, the Manhattan Project was transferred to the Office of Scientific Research and Development under Vannevar Bush. The next day, Japan attacked USA naval bases in Hawaii and in the Phillipines. Then the USA entered World War II and the War Department was given joint responsibility for the Manhattan Project. 1941 was a Chinese Year of the Snake, which as Ouroboros encircles the World Egg (the Manhattan Project), which the following year,

1942, hatched to produce Nuclear Fission of U235 (in Chicago on 2 December 1942). Also, by 1942, 1942 Stueckelberg had renormalized QED and invented Feynman diagrams.

In 1943, Bethe (who had received his Ph.D. under Sommerfeld in 1928, who won the 1967 Nobel Prize for his 1939 work on the carbon cycle of thermonuclear fusion in the sun and stars, and who had worked on development of radar at MIT) went to Los Alamos to work on nuclear fission and fusion bombs.

From 12 April 1945 to January 1953, Harry Truman was President of the USA. Some of Give'Em-Hell-Harry's accomplishments were that he:

References include the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Truman Library.

 

"... The culmination of the Manhattan Project was TRINITY, which was detonated at 5:29:45 am on July 16, 1945, at the Trinity site in a central New Mexico desert called the "Jornada del Muerto" ...

... The blast created a flash of light that was seen over the entire state of New Mexico and in parts of Arizona, Texas, and Mexico. ... The explosive device itself ... was ... an implosion plutonium weapon. The explosion had a "yield" of the equivalent of 19 kilotons of TNT ... Trinity was not made public until August 6, immediately after a second bomb [ U-235 ] nicknamed "Little Boy" was detonated 1850 feet over Hiroshima, Japan. It destroyed a large portion of the city and killed an estimated 70,000 to 130,000 people. On August 9, a third bomb (the second used on Japan) [ plutonium ] nicknamed "Fat Man" was detonated over Nagasaki, Japan. It killed an estimated 45,000 more Japanese. On August 14, Japan surrendered. ...", according to a SASO web page.

In December 1950, according to Encyclopaedia Britannica:

"... Ulam had proposed a new fission weapon design, using the mechanical shock of an ordinary fission bomb to compress to a very high density a second fissile core.

[ Compare playing pool on an elliptical pool table with a ball at one focus and the hole at the other focus. ]

(This two-stage fission device was conceived entirely independently of the thermonuclear program, its aim being to use fissionable materials more economically.) Early in 1951 Ulam went to see Teller and proposed that the two-stage approach be used to compress and ignite a thermonuclear secondary. Teller suggested radiation implosion, rather than mechanical shock, as the mechanism for compressing the thermonuclear fuel in the second stage. On March 9, 1951, Teller and Ulam presented a report containing both alternatives, entitled "On Heterocatalytic Detonations I. Hydrodynamic Lenses and Radiation Mirrors." A second report, dated April 4, by Teller, included some extensive calculations by Frederic de Hoffmann and elaborated on how a thermonuclear bomb could be constructed. The two-stage radiation implosion design proposed by these reports, which led to the modern concept of thermonuclear weapons, became known as the Teller-Ulam configuration. ... In September 1951, Los Alamos proposed a test of the Teller-Ulam concept for November 1952. Engineering of the device, nicknamed Mike, began in October 1951, but unforeseen difficulties required a major redesign of the experiment in March 1952. The Mike device weighed 82 tons, owing in part to cryogenic (low-temperature) refrigeration equipment necessary to keep the deuterium in liquid form. It was successfully detonated during Operation Ivy, on Nov. 1, 1952 (local time), at Enewetak. ...

[ Here is an image of "... The Mike fireball a few seconds after detonation. ...", from jimmy45122 web page:

Below is an image of the Mike mushroom cloud from a PBS web page which states that "... Within 90 seconds the fire ball had reached 57,000 feet. The cloud, when it had reached its furthest extent, was about 100 miles wide. The explosion wiped Elugelab off the face of the planet, and destroyed life on the surrounding islands. ...":

Among the substances used in shielding tests was Limonite (Fe2O3+H2O) shipped by Frank Smith (my father) from Bartow County, Georgia. ]

... The explosion achieved a yield of 10.4 million tons of TNT, or 500 times larger than the Nagasaki bomb, and it produced a crater 6,240 feet in diameter and 164 feet deep.

With the Teller-Ulam configuration proved, deliverable thermonuclear weapons were designed and initially tested during Operation Castle in 1954. The first test of the series, conducted on March 1, 1954 (local time), was called Bravo. It used solid lithium deuteride rather than liquid deuterium and produced a yield of 15 megatons, 1,000 times as large as the Hiroshima bomb. Here the principal thermonuclear reaction was the fusion of deuterium and tritium. The tritium was produced in the weapon itself by neutron bombardment of the lithium-6 isotope in the course of the fusion reaction. Using lithium deuteride instead of liquid deuterium eliminated the need for cumbersome cryogenic equipment. ...".

 

Sommerfeld died in 1951. By then, Stueckelberg (with Petermann) had invented the renormalization group.

1954 - Yang, Mills, and Shaw had re-invented non-abelian gauge field theory.

1955 - Einstein died. - Contraceptive pill Boston trials showed success. - USA President Eisenhower presents to Congress the Clay Committe report for a National Interstate Highway Network, and the following year the Interstate Highway System, called by Secretary of Commerce Sinclair Weeks "the greatest public works program in the history of the world", began with a $1.2 billion allocation for its first year.

1957 - Sputnik orbits Earth.

Pauli died in 1958. Also in 1958, Hua Luo-Geng wrote "Harmonic Analysis of Functions of Several Complex Variables in the Classical Domains". Later, Hua wrote two popular practical books, Popular Lectures on Overall Planning Methods (1965) and Popular Lectures on Optimal Seeking Methods (1971). The 1971 book used, among other things, the 0.618 method of the Golden Ratio. Even though he studied in Cambridge under Hardy for 2 years in the 1930s, Hua received no academic degree until he was about 69 years old, and that was an honorary doctorate from Nancy, France.

Around 1960, Liu Yao-Yang invented the Ceng Zi (Quark) model of particle physics. He was working at the University of Science and Technology of China, which was then located at Beijing, when he invented the Ceng Zi model. He wrote a paper and submitted it to a Chinese journal. It was turned down because the editors thought the paper was not correct. After the quark model had been independently re-invented around 1962-1964, with most of the credit going to Murray Gell-Mann, the editors apologized for rejecting the paper. Liu Yao-Yang is still working at the University of Science and Technology of China, which is now at Anhui, in the fields of atomic and molecular physics, quantum field theory, and quantization of gravity.

1961 - Yuri Gagrin orbits Earth.

"... in 1962 ... STARFISH PRIME ...

... was one of the high-altitude nuclear tests in the Operation Fishbowl series conducted in the Pacific Proving Ground ... It was launched in the Johnston Island area to an altitude of about 400 kilometers by a Thor rocket and had a yield of 1.4 megatons. ... When a nuclear weapon detonates at a high altitude, many of the effects are attenuated. Most of the x-ray energy is absorbed in the air, which decreases the fireball temperature. Absorption of thermal x-ray energy also decreases the energy available for a shock wave. This all results in the development of a toroidal or donut-shaped cloud instead of the usual mushroom shape of ground or near ground explosions. ... Within a second or two after the burst, a brilliant aurora appears from the bottom of the fireball. The formation of the aurora is attributed to the motion, along the lines of the earth's magnetic field, of beta particles emitted by the radioactive fission fragments. ...

... About a minute after the detonation, the aurora can be observed from as far away as 2000 miles. ... The video shows footage of the auroras from ... Tongtapu (Tonga Islands) ... These auroras can be seen for approximately 20 minutes. ...", according to an OSTI web page and its linked videos.

Also in1962, Finkelstein, Jauch, Schiminovich, and Speiser wrote a paper titled Principle of General Q Covariance that used Quaternions to describe massive charged SU(2) bosons.

1963 - John Fitzgerald Kennedy assassinated. Paul Hindemith died - after fleeing Hitler's Germany in 1940 to teach at Yale. Terry Teachout, in Commentary Magazine, Janury, 2002, said: "... Hindemith's ... book ... A Composer's World: Horizons and Limitations (1952) ... explains the essential defect of 12-tone music as follows: The ethical power of music is entirely neglected; the composer's obligations toward his fellow men are degraded to a game of double-crostics.... If music written on this basis has any message for others, it is the crassest order "you have to obey, you have to believe in my constructions," in a time when we are all so terribly in need of some shiny little reflection of that other message, the one that Schiller and Beethoven gave to mankind ...".

1968 - Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy assassinated, and Duchamp died.

Heisenberg worked (with Hans-Peter Durr) on Radical Unification until his death in 1976. By then, the Standard Model SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) gauge field theory had been established. 1976 was also the year of the deaths of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, the Tangshan earthquake, and Comet West.

1980 - Ronald Reagan elected USA President.

Stueckelberg and Dirac died in 1984, one year before Hua died. Then and now, Einstein Gravity and the Standard Model have accurately described all experimental results.

1984-1992

1989 - Berlin Wall falls.

In 1994 Fermilab announced discovery of the T-Quark. Also in 1994, Schwinger died. Schwinger was the last survivor of the four who renormalized QED: Stueckelberg; Tomonaga (who died in 1979); Feynman (who died in 1988); and Schwinger.

1997 (Chinese year 4694), the year of Comet Hale-Bopp

was the year of death of Deng Xiaoping and return of Hong Kong to China. The 1997 El Nino seemed to be the strongest yet, a large Earthquake, between 7.9 and 7.5, hit China about 700 km northwest of Lhasa, Tibet (The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake was 7.8.), and construction began on the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River. Volcanoes Soufriere on Montserrat and Popocatepetl erupted, and Mt. Etna showed activity. In 1998, but before the Chinese New Year, a 6.2 Earthquake hit China near Beijing.

1998 and 1999 saw impeachment (but not removal) of USA President Clinton (for perjury and obstruction of justice in an unsuccessful attempt to avoid disclosing his oral sex with an intern in the Oval Office of the White House), a NATO war in Kosovo, record high valuations of the USA stock market, and large USA trade deficits.

2000 saw a U. S. Supreme Court ruling on presidential election recounts that led to Bush defeating Gore.

On 11 September 2001 New York's World Trade Center towers were destroyed. In December a Pakistan-based suicide attack on India's parliament in New Delhi killed several policemen.

At the beginning of 2002, India and Pakistan had cut off diplomatic relations, travel, and trade, and troops were massed on their common border.


From the Beginning of History up to 2000 = 5760

transportation and communication created a

Global World Order.

What will influence the course of Future History?

Global Economic Crisis

Oil - Conflict - NewTech - OtherLife

 


Click Here for References.

Cosma Shalizi has written an interesting History of Our World (from a Conspiratorial Point of View).

Here is an EVOLUTIONARY/GEOLOGICAL TIMELINE by Niel Brandt, HTML by Peter Lamb.


Click here to see the 288-year structure of History.

 


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